- dedicaţie pentru Vama Verde (a fost băiat gigea şi mi-a dus ciorbă de fasole cu ceapă originală La Copac, pritocită într-un ceaun din cambuza kaghebistă). În plus a făcut treabă în faţă la MAE (muie muie Curlăţean), instituţie cu adevărat plină de kaghebişti
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Pentru început, un abstract intitulat

Shaking from Injection‐Induced Earthquakes in the Central and Eastern United Statesvia...
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, October 2014, v. 104, p. 2619-2626, cele mai noi observatii ale specialistilor americani cu privire la efectele fracturarii in America (earthquakes in the central and eastern United States that are thought or suspected to be induced by fluid injection)

http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/content/104/5/2619.abstract

- pentru descărcarea întregului studiu trebe băgată importanta sumă de cinşpe dolari (15 $) - nu deţin asemenea valori valutare colosalice deci antifackării lu' Vama Verde să facă bine să bage decont de la Gazprom dacă vor lectură integrală. se înţelege oricum că treaba e nasoală de vreme ce preocupă instituţii serioase.

apoi încă un studiu meseriaş via Journal of geophysical research, respectiv American Geophysical Union, Induced seismicity associated with fluid injection into a deep well in Youngstown, Ohio

Abstract
[1] Over 109 small earthquakes (Mw 0.4–3.9) were detected during January 2011 to February 2012 in the Youngstown, Ohio area, where there were no known earthquakes in the past. These shocks were close to a deep fluid injection well. The 14 month seismicity included six felt earthquakes and culminated with a Mw 3.9 shock on 31 December 2011. Among the 109 shocks, 12 events greater than Mw 1.8 were detected by regional network and accurately relocated, whereas 97 small earthquakes (0.4 < Mw < 1.8) were detected by the waveform correlation detector. Accurately located earthquakes were along a subsurface fault trending ENE-WSW—consistent with the focal mechanism of the main shock and occurred at depths 3.5–4.0 km in the Precambrian basement. We conclude that the recent earthquakes in Youngstown, Ohio were induced by the fluid injection at a deep injection well due to increased pore pressure along the preexisting subsurface faults located close to the wellbore. We found that the seismicity initiated at the eastern end of the subsurface fault—close to the injection point, and migrated toward the west—away from the wellbore, indicating that the expanding high fluid pressure front increased the pore pressure along its path and progressively triggered the earthquakes. We observe that several periods of quiescence of seismicity follow the minima in injection volumes and pressure, which may indicate that the earthquakes were directly caused by the pressure buildup and stopped when pressure dropped.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jgrb.50247/abstract

(bagă banu' de la KGB dacă vrei lectură integrală)

tot din aceeaşi sursă:

Potentially induced earthquakes in Oklahoma, USA
Links between wastewater injection and the 2011 Mw 5.7 earthquake sequence

Abstract

Significant earthquakes are increasingly occurring within the continental interior of the United States, including five of moment magnitude (Mw) ≥ 5.0 in 2011 alone. Concurrently, the volume of fluid injected into the subsurface related to the production of unconventional resources continues to rise. Here we identify the largest earthquake potentially related to injection, an Mw 5.7 earthquake in November 2011 in Oklahoma. The earthquake was felt in at least 17 states and caused damage in the epicentral region. It occurred in a sequence, with 2 earthquakes of Mw 5.0 and a prolific sequence of aftershocks. We use the aftershocks to illuminate the faults that ruptured in the sequence, and show that the tip of the initial rupture plane is within ∼200 m of active injection wells and within ∼1 km of the surface; 30% of early aftershocks occur within the sedimentary section. Subsurface data indicate that fluid was injected into effectively sealed compartments, and we interpret that a net fluid volume increase after 18 yr of injection lowered effective stress on reservoir-bounding faults. Significantly, this case indicates that decades-long lags between the commencement of fluid injection and the onset of induced earthquakes are possible, and modifies our common criteria for fluid-induced events. The progressive rupture of three fault planes in this sequence suggests that stress changes from the initial rupture triggered the successive earthquakes, including one larger than the first.

http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2013/03/26/G34045.1.abstract

REPORT

Sharp increase in central Oklahoma seismicity since 2008 induced by massive wastewater injection

ABSTRACT

Unconventional oil and gas production provides a rapidly growing energy source; however, high-production states in the United States, such as Oklahoma, face sharply rising numbers of earthquakes. Subsurface pressure data required to unequivocally link earthquakes to wastewater injection are rarely accessible. Here we use seismicity and hydrogeological models to show that fluid migration from high-rate disposal wells in Oklahoma is potentially responsible for the largest swarm. Earthquake hypocenters occur within disposal formations and upper basement, between 2- and 5-kilometer depth. The modeled fluid pressure perturbation propagates throughout the same depth range and tracks earthquakes to distances of 35 kilometers, with a triggering threshold of ~0.07 megapascals. Although thousands of disposal wells operate aseismically, four of the highest-rate wells are capable of inducing 20% of 2008 to 2013 central U.S. seismicity.

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6195/448.abstract

diverse alte surse:

Fracking Triggers More Ohio Earthquakes, Study Finds

A new study connects some 400 micro-earthquakes near the town of Canton, in Harrison County, to hydraulic fracturing wells.

http://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/fracking-triggers-more-ohio-earthquakes-study-finds-n225931

mai pe larg aici:

Fracking Practices to Blame for Ohio Earthquakes

Before January 2011, Youngstown, Ohio, which is located on the Marcellus Shale, had never experienced an earthquake, at least not since researchers began observations in 1776. However, in December 2010, the Northstar 1 injection well came online to pump wastewater from fracking projects in Pennsylvania into storage deep underground. In the year that followed, seismometers in and around Youngstown recorded 109 earthquakes, the strongest registering a magnitude-3.9 earthquake on Dec. 31, 2011. The well was shut down after the quake.

Scientists have known for decades that fracking and wastewater injection can trigger earthquakes. For instance, it appears linked with Oklahoma's strongest recorded quake in 2011, as well as a rash of more than 180 minor tremors in Texas between Oct. 30, 2008, and May 31, 2009.

The new investigation of the Youngstown earthquakes, detailed in the July issue of the journal Geophysical Research Letters, reveals that their onset, end and even temporary dips in activity were apparently all tied to activity at the Northstar 1 well.

For instance, the first earthquake recorded in Youngstown occurred 13 days after pumping began, and the tremors ceased shortly after the Ohio Department of Natural Resources shut down the well in December 2011. In addition, dips in earthquake activity lined up with Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and other times when injection at the well was temporarily stopped.

"Earthquakes were triggered by fluid injection shortly after the injection initiated — less than two weeks," researcher Won-Young Kim, a seismologist at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, N.Y., told LiveScience.

http://www.livescience.com/39406-fracking-wasterwater-injection-caused-ohio-earthquakes.html

Fracking Linked to More Ohio Earthquakes

A new study connects some 400 micro-earthquakes in Harrison County, near the town of Canton, to hydraulic fracturing wells. The three wells operated from September through October 2013 in the Utica Shale. Ten of the quakes registered between magnitude 1.7 and magnitude 2.2, but the tremors were too deep to cause damage or to be easily felt by people, according to the study, published today (Oct. 14) in the journal Seismological Research Letters.

The new study is the second report this year of fracking-linked earthquakes from drilling in the Utica Shale. The shale is a rock formation that is deeper and closer than the Marcellus Shale to the crystalline basement rocks where faults are more common. In March, scientists with Ohio's Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) shut down drilling at seven Utica Shale gas wells in Poland Township after fracking triggered two small earthquakes. The ODNR now requires monitoring of seismic activity at fracking sites near known fault lines, and reducing the flow of water if earthquakes begin to occur.

http://www.livescience.com/48294-fracking-caused-ohio-earthquakes.html

Fracking's Latest Scandal? Earthquake Swarms

Turns out that when a barely regulated industry injects highly pressurized wastewater into faults, things can go terribly wrong.

http://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2013/03/oklahoma-earthquake-oil-fracking-geology

WASHINGTON — Evidence is growing that fracking for oil and gas is causing earthquakes that shake the heartland.

States such as Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas and Ohio are being hit by earthquakes that appear linked to oil and gas activity. While the quakes are far more often tied to disposal of drilling waste, scientists also increasingly have started pointing to the fracking process itself.

"Certainly I think there may be more of this that has gone on than we previously recognized," Oklahoma Geological Survey seismologist Austin Holland told colleagues last week.

In addition to what Holland has seen in Oklahoma, a new study in the journal Seismological Research Letters concludes that fracking caused a series of earthquakes in Ohio a year ago. That follows reports of fracking leading to earthquakes in Canada and across the Atlantic in the United Kingdom.

Hydraulic fracturing, known as fracking, is when massive amounts of high-pressure water with chemicals is pumped underground to break shale rock and release the oil and natural gas inside.

The process is responsible for the nation's energy boom since 2008, as it has allowed access to oil and gas trapped in the shale. But at the same time, earthquakes have spiked in the central and eastern United States.

Before 2008 Oklahoma averaged just one earthquake greater than magnitude 3.0 a year. So far this year there have been 430 of them, Holland said.

Scientists have linked earthquakes in Oklahoma to drilling waste injection. Shale drilling produces large amounts of wastewater, which then is often pumped deep underground as a way to dispose of it without contaminating fresh water. Injection raises the underground pressure and can effectively lubricate fault lines, weakening them and causing earthquakes, according to the U.S Geological Survey.

http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/scientists-see-fracking-as-cause-of-earthquakes-in-heartland/ar-BBcObu6?ocid=UP97DHP

http://www.livescience.com/48294-fracking-caused-ohio-earthquakes.html

http://fullerfuture.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/frackingindustrializationandinducedearthquakes-12-2-13.pdf
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...na că m-am făcut şi propagandist antifackăr...muie muie Ponta !!